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汽车作业翻译----汽车课搞到好似英语课

How Car Cooling Systems Work

                 汽车冷却系统是如何工作的
      Although gasoline engines have improved a lot, they are still not very efficient at turning chemical energy into mechanical power. Most of the energy in the gasoline (perhaps 70%) is converted into heat, and it is the job of the cooling system to take care of that heat. The primary job of the cooling system is to keep the engine from overheating by transferring this heat to the air, but the cooling system also has several other important jobs. 

虽然汽油发动机改善了很多，但仍然不能非常有效地把化学能转 化成机械能。汽油的大部分能量（大约是70％） 被转化成热量，所以冷却系统的工作是处理这些热量。冷却系统的主要工作是把这些热量转移到空气以防止发动机过热，但冷却系统也有一些其他的重要工作。

The engine in your car runs best at a fairly high temperature. When the engine is cold, components wear out faster, and the engine is less efficient and emits more pollution. So another important job of the cooling system is to allow the engine to heat up as quickly as possible, and then to keep the engine at a constant temperature.

您汽车的发动机在适当的温度运行最好。当发动机冷时，零件磨 损较快，发动机效率较低和排放更多污染。因此，冷却系统的另一个重要任务是让发动机温度尽快升高，然后使发动机温度保持恒定。

Fan

                        风扇

Like the thermostat, the cooling fan has to be controlled so that it allows the engine to maintain a constant temperature. 

就像保持恒温一样，冷却风扇已被控制，以便它使引擎保持恒 温。

Front-wheel drive cars have electric fans because the engine is usually mounted transversely, meaning the output of the engine points toward the side of the car. The fans are controlled either with a thermostatic switch or by the engine computer, and they turn on when the temperature of the coolant goes above a set point. They turn back off when the temperature drops below that point. 

前轮驱动汽车使用电风扇，因为发动机通常是横置的，这意味着 发动机的输出功率指向车的侧面。风扇是被恒温开关或发动机电脑控制的，当冷却液温度高于设定点时风扇就运转，当温度下降到低于设定点时风扇就关闭。

Rear-wheel drive cars with longitudinal engines usually have engine~driven cooling fans. These fans have a thermostatically controlled viscous clutch. This clutch is positioned at the hub of the fan, in the airflow coming through the radiator. This special viscous clutch is much like the viscous coupling sometimes found in all-wheel drive cars.

纵置发动机的后轮驱动汽车通常使用发动机由驱动的冷却风扇。 这些风扇带有被温度控制的粘性离合器。这个离合器放在风扇的中心和通过散热器来的气流之中。这个特殊的粘性离合器很像有时在全轮驱动汽车发现到的粘性连接器。

关于飞豹问题的回答

S系列是AK系列的短管版，有AKS-47和AKS-74。八一扛是全尺寸的。AK和八一扛的区别是枪托，AK-47是木的，八一扛是金属折叠的，也有的 AK-47是金属折叠的，枪托向下折叠，八一扛向右折叠。折叠枪托的形状也不同。AKM的制退器是喇叭形的与八一扛不同。分别AKM看枪口，AKM有一个 防跳器，防跳器像一个被斜着切的圆筒，就像砍斜着竹子后，竹子的短口，砍去留下的缺口向右上方，因为Ak-47连射时枪口向右上方上跳严重。AKM也有折 叠枪托版的，折叠形式以及折叠枪托和AK-47一样。AK系列最好的是Ak-74，特征是枪口的大型枪口制退器制退器前端是两个打的方形开口，分列左右， 后端有几个圆形的泄压孔，折叠枪托有两种，伞兵和有的装甲兵用ak47的折叠枪托是向右折叠的，本质是一个金属架子。新的AK-74叫AK-74M，枪托 和护木是塑料，枪托形状和传统的一样，但可以向右折叠。八一扛的枪托由金属和塑料构成，形状与AK系列的都不同。手机写的没图，见谅，要看Google下 就行。

鬼佬关于歼-10的报道+自己嘅翻译

      Chengdu J-10 (Jian-10 Fighter aircraft 10) / F-10

成都 J-10（歼-10战斗机 10）/F-10

      There has been much speculation on the development of China's J-10 fighter. Many suggested the aircraft's design was based on the Lavi- the unsuccessful attempt by Israel to develop an indigenous F-16 fighter. Only in December 2006 did China officially acknowledged the fielding of the J-10, when the PLA Air Force (PLAAF) released videos and photos of the aircraft via China Central Television (CCTV) and Xinhua News Agency. By then, it was apparent that the J-10 has the potential of becoming one of the most significant fighters in the next few decades.
     对于中国J- 10战斗机的发展已经有很多猜测。许多人暗示飞机的设计是基于“狮”----以色列人半途而废的研发自已的“F16”的尝试。 2006年 12月，人民解放军空军（PLAAF）通过中国中央电视台（CCTV）和新华社公布飞机的视频和照片，中国官方正式承认装备J- 10。在那 时，J - 10显然有潜力成为未来数十年里最重要的战斗机之一。
      Initial development of the J-10 began in October 1988. Originally the aircraft was to be an air superiority fighter. The 1980s saw a number of similar aircraft designs featuring a main delta-wing and canards. The delta-wing, a triangular wing platform, offers two important aerodynamic qualities to a combat aircraft. First, the swept leading edge of a delta-wing stays ahead of the shock wave generated by the nose of the aircraft during supersonic flight, making delta-wing a very efficient aerodynamic wing shape for supersonic flight. And secondly, the leading edge of delta-wing also generates a massive vortex that attaches itself to the upper surface of the wing during high angle-of-attack (AOA) maneuvers resulting in very high stall points. Additionaly, the delta-wing offers increased survivability by having increased structural and airflow stability.
     最初J-10的发展始于1988年十月。原本J-10会成为空中优势战斗机。在80年代出现了一些类似的有三角翼主要特征的飞机设计和谣言。三角翼和三角 翼平台提供了两种对于格斗战斗机来说重要的空气动力学特性。首先，超音速飞行时，后掠的三角翼前缘处于由机鼻产生的冲击波的前面，使三角翼成为对于超音速 飞行而言非常高效的翼形。其次，当做高攻角机动（AOA）时，三角翼的前缘也产生大量的附于自身上表面的带来非常高失速点的涡流。另外，通过增加结构和气 流稳定性，三角翼提供增强的生存性。
      By 1993 the Chinese possessed an all-metal mockup of the J-10. Wind tunnel testing revealed potential problems with low-speed performance and less than expected maximum AOA at subsonic speeds. At the time, there was an ongoing trend in fighter aircraft development that moved the development of single-purpose fighters such as high-speed interceptor or low-altitude dogfighters to polifunctional aircraft that combined subsonic and supersonic air-to-air performance with air-to-ground capabilities. Increasing demands for air-to-ground operations called for an in-depth redesign of the J-10 to accommodate terrain-following radar, more and sturdier hardpoints, and entirely new targeting, flight control and navigation systems.
     到1993年，中国拥有一架歼10的全金属样机。风洞测试显示出其低速性能和亚音速时的最大迎角低于预期的潜在问题。当时，战斗机有由像高速截击机或低空 格斗战斗机一类的单一用途战斗机向综合亚音速、超音速空对空性能以及空对地能力的多功能战斗机发展的趋势。增加的空对地作战需求要求深入从新设计 J - 10，以适应地形跟踪雷达、更多和更强的外挂点，以及全新的定位、飞行控制和导航系统。
      The first test flight of the J-10 came in 1996 with the help of a Russian made AI-31FN turbofan engine. It would take two years, however, before the J-10 had a successful test flight. By 1999 China had six prototypes: four of them used for flight testing and two for static tests. By late 2000 there were nine J-10 prototypes accumulating over 140 flight hours. The first flight of the pre-production model took place on June 28, 2002. In early 2003 ten J-10s were deployed to Nanjing Military Region for training and operational evaluation.
    在俄罗斯产AI-31FN涡扇发动机的帮助下J-10于1996年首飞。无论如何，J-10在成功试飞之前花了两年时间。到1999年，中国拥有6架原型 机：4架进行飞行试验，2架进行静态试验。到2000年底共有9的J - 10原型机积累了超过140个飞行小时。第一架预生产型号于2002年6月28 日下线。在2003年年初，10架歼10战斗机被部署到南京军区用作训练和操作评估。
       Development would not stop, however, as China also began to construct two-seat versions of the J-10 for training and air-to-ground roles. This two-seat J-10B fighter-trainer aircraft successfully flew in 2003. Preliminary designs for two new versions of the J-10 featuring single and twin engines and LO geometry were also completed.
    可是，发展不会停止，中国开始生产用于训练和空对地作战双座版J-10。双座的J-10B教练战斗机在2003年首飞成功。歼-10的单，双发动机新版本 和几何轮廓的初步设计也已完成。
       Low-rate initial production of the J-10 was authorised in 2002, with the initial run of fifty aircraft to be fitted with Russian AL-31F engines. The J-10 is expected to achieve initial operating capability in the 2005 to 2006 timeframe, initially entering service with the 44th Aviation Division based in Sichuan Province. The PLAAF initially was estimated to have a total requirement of 300 aircraft, but this may be reduced to less than 100 as a result of the introduction of the more capable Su-30MK multirole fighter.
      J - 10在2002年被批准开始低速生产，并且最早生产的50架装备俄罗斯的AI-31F发动机。最早进入基地在四川省的第44航空师服役的 J - 10预计2005年至2006年间获得初始作战能力。人民解放军空军初步估计有300架的总需求，但由于更多多用途Su-30MK的引进，总需求 可能减少到少于100架。
      As the Chinese continue to develop and improve the J-10 it becomes clear they are interested in expanding its air-to-ground capability, thus moving from the original concept of a tactical air defense fighter to a multirole fighter-bomber. The change in Chinese reporting of the J-10, from the "Jian-10" ("Fighter-10") to the "Qian Shi-10" ("Attack 10") is proof of this intended move.

      随着中国继续发展和改进的J - 10，很明显他们对扩展其空对地能力有兴趣，从而从原来的一种战术防空战斗机计划转向一种多用途战斗轰炸机。中国关于 J-10报告中从“歼-10”（“战斗机-10”）到“强十-10”（“攻击-10”）的改变被证明是有意的。

      Russian involvement in the J-10 program was not limited to the AI-31FN turbojet engine, but also included offers for advanced multifunction radars, navigation and targeting systems, ECM suite, and missile warning and defense systems. For the J-10, the Chinese will most likely adopt the Phazotron RP-35 "Zhemchug," which is an X-band radar with digital fire-control sensors and an electronically scanning phased-array antenna. The radar features a liquid-cooled travelling wave tube transmitter; an exciter; a three channel microwave reciever and programmable signal and data processors. All critical radar controls for "Zemchug" are integrated into the aircraft's throttle grip and stick controller, and radar data is displayed via the head-up and head-down displays allowing for one-man operation.
      俄罗斯参与的J - 10计划不限于AI-31FN 涡扇发动机，还包括提供先进的多功能雷达，导航和瞄准系统、电子控制模块（ECM）套件、导弹警告和防御系统。对于歼-10，中国最有可能采用法茲特龍雷 達設計局（Phazotron-NIIR）的RP- 35“珍珠”雷达——一个带有数字火控传感器和电子扫描相控阵天线的X波段雷达。该雷达采用了液体冷 却行波管发射机，一个激励器，一个三通道微波接收机和可编程信号和数据处理器。“珍珠”的所有关键控制装置都被集成到飞机的油门杆和控制杆上，并且所有雷 达数据通过抬头显示器和显示器显示，由此实现单人操作。
      The production of the J-10 has forced China to quickly adapt to current developmental trends; in addition to utilizing other technologies (Russia, Israel) for the benefit of its final product. The results are promising. Not only does the J-10 pose a risk to the Russian fighter export market, but it considerably boosts the Chinese air force's tactical offensive capabilities, especially vis-a-vis Taiwan.

     除了利用其他技术（俄罗斯，以色列）使最终产品获益外，J - 10的生产迫使中国迅速适应目前的发展趋势。结 果是令人鼓舞的。J - 10不仅对俄罗斯战斗 机出口市场构成威胁，还大大增强了中国空军的特别是对台湾的战术攻击能力。

       PS：翻译过程中，我发现我的英语水平真的很低，瀑布汗（⊙＿⊙；）!!

       特别鸣谢：英语班的小平，感谢你提供的专业意见

神人试味

本文转自：猫扑
HCl（盐酸）
稀：比较酸，感觉嘴里滑溜溜的，典型的呕吐物感， 微辣。
浓：极度的酸，吐掉以后回味苦，然后整个嘴里发凉，10分钟后好转。

H2SO4（硫酸）
稀：淡淡的酸味，回味感觉 油腻，微热，甜，无任何不适感。
较浓的（40%左右的）：超烫，感觉喝烫稀饭了，然后微甜感和痛感并存，持续2天才退（98%的纯正浓硫酸不敢 喝）。

HNO3（X）
稀：先是苦，然后整条舌头麻了，然后痛，起了白斑，持续疼痛，3-4天后消退，同时嘴里感觉大吸了一口汽车 尾气。
浓：不敢喝 （猜测是浓硫酸的加强版）。

NaOH（氢氧化钠）
稀：基本上同浓的Na2CO3（我尝过，咸的），多 一些辣感（对蛋白质腐蚀性强的都会有辣感 ）。
浓：含在嘴里十分的辣(可能是已经反应起来了) 然后舌头烧坏,呈黄色,肉腐烂，1个月不能说话,口里有赤痛感而且舌头麻木 有辛辣感半年后出院,说话变得不准,味觉几乎消失,嘴部留下疤痕（这东西对蛋白质的反应不是闹着玩的……）。

CuSO4（硫酸铜）
一 开始没味道，吐出后回味淡淡的苦涩（我的确尝过）。

BaCl2（氯化钡）
极苦咸，大约相当于MgCl2的加强版

CCl4（四 氯化碳）
这个最KB了，整个嘴里感到烧塑料的味道，极浓郁，吐掉以后出现说不出的怪异甜味，直感觉全身松软 （的确，闻起来还可以，尝起来就郁闷了）。

Na2O2（过氧化钠）
一般的咸 （Na盐基本都这个味道）。

无水酒 精
嘴里完全没味道，之后花露水的味道在鼻子里挥之不去。

FeCl3）（氯化铁）
凉，然后酸，与硬币放嘴里感觉差不多 （Fe盐都这味道）。

AgNO3（X银）
没味道。。。

稀Br2（溴）水溶液
极其浓重味道，感觉像汽车尾 气与松节油混合的味（只能如此形容）

Hg(NO3)2（X汞）
很淡的味道，有点像味精和醋混合了 。

H2O2（双 氧水）
特辣，赶紧吐了，之后就没什么事情了 。


极其微量的氰化物是苦的，宝贵资料啊。

乙酰水杨酸我试过有点酸，有点涩，最后有点苦尽甘 来的那种感觉。
氯化钾的味道跟氯化钠差不多。
我尝过溴化氢，一不小心吸进去的。味道上没什么感觉，但是非常呛，吸进去很少，但是咳了一整 个下午，一直到吃晚饭都反胃，印象深刻啊！

墨子曰：国之将亡，必有七患

国防之患：不修国防 大兴宫殿 粉饰太平
外交之患：大敌当前 外无盟友 孤立无援
财政之患： 分配不公 铺张浪费 穷尽民用
内政之患：仕皆渔私 修法禁言 不问国是
国君之患：闭门自大 标榜先进 坐以待毙
团队之患：用 人不当 小人当道 离心离德
政权之患：民无食用 国无贤能 赏罚失威

墨子曰：国 有七患。七患者何？城郭沟池不可守而治宫室，一患也；边国至境，四邻莫救，二患也；先尽民力无用之功，赏赐无能之人，民力尽于无用，财宝虚于待客，三患 也；仕者持禄，游者爱佼，君修法讨臣，臣慑而不敢拂，四患也；君自以为圣智而不问事，自以为安强而无守备，四邻谋之不知戒，五患也；所信者不忠，所忠者不 信，六患也；畜种菽粟不足以食之，大臣不足以事之，赏赐不能喜，诛罚不能威，七患也。

实弹射击体验

5月16号，武装部组织去射击。
使用56式半自动步枪射击100米处的人形胸环靶。
来到靶场首先听取枪支使用以及靶场的规则，学习据枪（卧姿射击，身体与枪成35度）、瞄准、击发技巧（由于准星、照门存在虚光，瞄准点应选在10环的2/3处）。
然后空枪瞄准5分钟，期间空枪击发一次并学习了如何打开弹仓底部与向后拉开枪机。发现实际瞄准中无法看到靶的10环（既靶的白色中心），只能通过靶的比例估计瞄准点。
我第一组上场，为本组最后一个人击发。近距离听枪声，发现声音极大，离我1.5m处的枪声将我左耳听力减少大约1/3。缓慢扣板机，放慢呼吸，遇到板机力突变处停止呼吸继续均匀用力。突然一声巨响，我下意识闭眼，肩膀感受到后坐力，但不大。马上张开眼，看到枪口上跳8度左右，青黑色的烟从抛壳窗中飘出，可以闻到一种与平时火药明显不同的味道。我知道子弹肯定从靶的上方飞过，脱靶。
准备发射第二发，重新瞄准，缓慢扣板机，经过一段行程后发现无法扣下，再扣还是不行，检查枪支未见异常，再扣还是不行。遂举手报告，发现是枪机没有闭锁，不到位保险生效，故无法扣下板机。排除故障失败，退出本轮射击，换枪等待下一轮继续。
第二轮开始，重复第一发的过程，当枪后座完毕后发现枪指向靶的右上方，第三发后座后发枪指向靶的左上方。 第四、五发后座后枪依然指向瞄准点，完美、肯定有好成绩。随后的几发后座完毕后枪有时指向靶的左或右上方、有时依然指向瞄准点。在后面的九枪里，我克服下意识动作，在枪后座过程中没有闭眼。10发子弹射完后，枪机挂在后方，板机仍然可以扣下，但击针没有被释放。
在我射完第四发后，我左边射手的枪被弹壳卡住了，排除故障后继续。
10发中9发，共71环，相信脱靶的一发就是枪口上跳严重的第一发。
射击感受：声音极大，开始时耳朵真的被震得听力减少大约1/3。枪口焰很少但发射后的烟比想象中多，有大约1/4的烟是在抛壳时从抛壳窗溢出。烟的味道闻起来与普通火药的味道很不同。枪后座力还是挺大的，不过持续的时间短，使用正确的姿势可以有效地控制枪口的跳动从而保证精度。由于没有实弹射击的经验，我的枪托抵肩位置过高，在射击6发后感到明显的不适，但对射击的影响不大。在射击过程中我出现了过度紧张和兴奋的状态，对击发时的稳定造成了一点负面的影响。觉得手动保险的位置设计得不合理，在打开保险的时候容易一起扣下板机。武装部的枪保养的不好，用来射击的四支枪有两支发生故障，一种经过实战检验的枪在有良好保养的情况下不可能有如此高是故障率。射击时从缝隙中溅出来的枪油布满了我的眼镜，这说明枪时为了这次射击而临时维护了一下，也从侧面验证了枪支缺乏保养的事实。射击大约一个小时后，检查肩膀的抵肩处，发现肩膀有红印，有痛感，经过3天后康复。