Chengdu J-10 (Jian-10 Fighter aircraft 10) / F-10
成都 J-10（歼-10战斗机 10）/F-10
There has been much speculation on the development of China's J-10 fighter. Many suggested the aircraft's design was based on the Lavi- the unsuccessful attempt by Israel to develop an indigenous F-16 fighter. Only in December 2006 did China officially acknowledged the fielding of the J-10, when the PLA Air Force (PLAAF) released videos and photos of the aircraft via China Central Television (CCTV) and Xinhua News Agency. By then, it was apparent that the J-10 has the potential of becoming one of the most significant fighters in the next few decades.
对于中国J- 10战斗机的发展已经有很多猜测。许多人暗示飞机的设计是基于“狮”----以色列人半途而废的研发自已的“F16”的尝试。 2006年 12月，人民解放军空军（PLAAF）通过中国中央电视台（CCTV）和新华社公布飞机的视频和照片，中国官方正式承认装备J- 10。在那 时，J - 10显然有潜力成为未来数十年里最重要的战斗机之一。
Initial development of the J-10 began in October 1988. Originally the aircraft was to be an air superiority fighter. The 1980s saw a number of similar aircraft designs featuring a main delta-wing and canards. The delta-wing, a triangular wing platform, offers two important aerodynamic qualities to a combat aircraft. First, the swept leading edge of a delta-wing stays ahead of the shock wave generated by the nose of the aircraft during supersonic flight, making delta-wing a very efficient aerodynamic wing shape for supersonic flight. And secondly, the leading edge of delta-wing also generates a massive vortex that attaches itself to the upper surface of the wing during high angle-of-attack (AOA) maneuvers resulting in very high stall points. Additionaly, the delta-wing offers increased survivability by having increased structural and airflow stability.
最初J-10的发展始于1988年十月。原本J-10会成为空中优势战斗机。在80年代出现了一些类似的有三角翼主要特征的飞机设计和谣言。三角翼和三角 翼平台提供了两种对于格斗战斗机来说重要的空气动力学特性。首先，超音速飞行时，后掠的三角翼前缘处于由机鼻产生的冲击波的前面，使三角翼成为对于超音速 飞行而言非常高效的翼形。其次，当做高攻角机动（AOA）时，三角翼的前缘也产生大量的附于自身上表面的带来非常高失速点的涡流。另外，通过增加结构和气 流稳定性，三角翼提供增强的生存性。
By 1993 the Chinese possessed an all-metal mockup of the J-10. Wind tunnel testing revealed potential problems with low-speed performance and less than expected maximum AOA at subsonic speeds. At the time, there was an ongoing trend in fighter aircraft development that moved the development of single-purpose fighters such as high-speed interceptor or low-altitude dogfighters to polifunctional aircraft that combined subsonic and supersonic air-to-air performance with air-to-ground capabilities. Increasing demands for air-to-ground operations called for an in-depth redesign of the J-10 to accommodate terrain-following radar, more and sturdier hardpoints, and entirely new targeting, flight control and navigation systems.
到1993年，中国拥有一架歼10的全金属样机。风洞测试显示出其低速性能和亚音速时的最大迎角低于预期的潜在问题。当时，战斗机有由像高速截击机或低空 格斗战斗机一类的单一用途战斗机向综合亚音速、超音速空对空性能以及空对地能力的多功能战斗机发展的趋势。增加的空对地作战需求要求深入从新设计 J - 10，以适应地形跟踪雷达、更多和更强的外挂点，以及全新的定位、飞行控制和导航系统。
The first test flight of the J-10 came in 1996 with the help of a Russian made AI-31FN turbofan engine. It would take two years, however, before the J-10 had a successful test flight. By 1999 China had six prototypes: four of them used for flight testing and two for static tests. By late 2000 there were nine J-10 prototypes accumulating over 140 flight hours. The first flight of the pre-production model took place on June 28, 2002. In early 2003 ten J-10s were deployed to Nanjing Military Region for training and operational evaluation.
在俄罗斯产AI-31FN涡扇发动机的帮助下J-10于1996年首飞。无论如何，J-10在成功试飞之前花了两年时间。到1999年，中国拥有6架原型 机：4架进行飞行试验，2架进行静态试验。到2000年底共有9的J - 10原型机积累了超过140个飞行小时。第一架预生产型号于2002年6月28 日下线。在2003年年初，10架歼10战斗机被部署到南京军区用作训练和操作评估。
Development would not stop, however, as China also began to construct two-seat versions of the J-10 for training and air-to-ground roles. This two-seat J-10B fighter-trainer aircraft successfully flew in 2003. Preliminary designs for two new versions of the J-10 featuring single and twin engines and LO geometry were also completed.
可是，发展不会停止，中国开始生产用于训练和空对地作战双座版J-10。双座的J-10B教练战斗机在2003年首飞成功。歼-10的单，双发动机新版本 和几何轮廓的初步设计也已完成。
Low-rate initial production of the J-10 was authorised in 2002, with the initial run of fifty aircraft to be fitted with Russian AL-31F engines. The J-10 is expected to achieve initial operating capability in the 2005 to 2006 timeframe, initially entering service with the 44th Aviation Division based in Sichuan Province. The PLAAF initially was estimated to have a total requirement of 300 aircraft, but this may be reduced to less than 100 as a result of the introduction of the more capable Su-30MK multirole fighter.
J - 10在2002年被批准开始低速生产，并且最早生产的50架装备俄罗斯的AI-31F发动机。最早进入基地在四川省的第44航空师服役的 J - 10预计2005年至2006年间获得初始作战能力。人民解放军空军初步估计有300架的总需求，但由于更多多用途Su-30MK的引进，总需求 可能减少到少于100架。
As the Chinese continue to develop and improve the J-10 it becomes clear they are interested in expanding its air-to-ground capability, thus moving from the original concept of a tactical air defense fighter to a multirole fighter-bomber. The change in Chinese reporting of the J-10, from the "Jian-10" ("Fighter-10") to the "Qian Shi-10" ("Attack 10") is proof of this intended move.
随着中国继续发展和改进的J - 10，很明显他们对扩展其空对地能力有兴趣，从而从原来的一种战术防空战斗机计划转向一种多用途战斗轰炸机。中国关于 J-10报告中从“歼-10”（“战斗机-10”）到“强十-10”（“攻击-10”）的改变被证明是有意的。
Russian involvement in the J-10 program was not limited to the AI-31FN turbojet engine, but also included offers for advanced multifunction radars, navigation and targeting systems, ECM suite, and missile warning and defense systems. For the J-10, the Chinese will most likely adopt the Phazotron RP-35 "Zhemchug," which is an X-band radar with digital fire-control sensors and an electronically scanning phased-array antenna. The radar features a liquid-cooled travelling wave tube transmitter; an exciter; a three channel microwave reciever and programmable signal and data processors. All critical radar controls for "Zemchug" are integrated into the aircraft's throttle grip and stick controller, and radar data is displayed via the head-up and head-down displays allowing for one-man operation.俄罗斯参与的J - 10计划不限于AI-31FN 涡扇发动机，还包括提供先进的多功能雷达，导航和瞄准系统、电子控制模块（ECM）套件、导弹警告和防御系统。对于歼-10，中国最有可能采用法茲特龍雷 達設計局（Phazotron-NIIR）的RP- 35“珍珠”雷达——一个带有数字火控传感器和电子扫描相控阵天线的X波段雷达。该雷达采用了液体冷 却行波管发射机，一个激励器，一个三通道微波接收机和可编程信号和数据处理器。“珍珠”的所有关键控制装置都被集成到飞机的油门杆和控制杆上，并且所有雷 达数据通过抬头显示器和显示器显示，由此实现单人操作。
The production of the J-10 has forced China to quickly adapt to current developmental trends; in addition to utilizing other technologies (Russia, Israel) for the benefit of its final product. The results are promising. Not only does the J-10 pose a risk to the Russian fighter export market, but it considerably boosts the Chinese air force's tactical offensive capabilities, especially vis-a-vis Taiwan.
除了利用其他技术（俄罗斯，以色列）使最终产品获益外，J - 10的生产迫使中国迅速适应目前的发展趋势。结 果是令人鼓舞的。J - 10不仅对俄罗斯战斗 机出口市场构成威胁，还大大增强了中国空军的特别是对台湾的战术攻击能力。
PS：翻译过程中，我发现我的英语水平真的很低，瀑布汗（⊙＿⊙；）!!
特别鸣谢：英语班的小平，感谢你提供的专业意见
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